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Orgasm gap

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the gender gap. For the gap between orgasms, see <a href="Refractory_period_(sex)" title="Refractory period (sex)">Refractory period (sex)</a>.</div>

The orgasm gap or pleasure gap is the disparity in <a href="Sexual_satisfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual satisfaction">sexual satisfaction</a>—specifically the unequal frequency in achieving <a href="Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a> during sexual encounters—between <a href="Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> men and women. Across every demographic that has been studied, women report the lowest frequency of reaching orgasm during sexual encounters with men. Researchers believe that multiple causes contribute to the orgasm gap.<a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-10">[10]</a> Orgasm gap researcher <a href="Laurie_Mintz" title="Laurie Mintz">Laurie Mintz</a> argues that the primary reason for this form of <a href="Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a> is due to "our cultural ignorance of the <a href="Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a>" and that it is commonplace to "mislabel women's genitals by the one part (the <a href="Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>) that gives men, but not women, reliable orgasms."<a href="#cite_note-:12-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_research">History of research</h2></div>

The 1953 <a href="Kinsey_Reports" title="Kinsey Reports">Kinsey Report</a>, titled Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, made several observations including 'differences in frequencies of orgasm' between unmarried <a href="United_States" title="United States">American</a> females (200 orgasms on average before marriage, with 36% having never had an orgasm before marriage; 10% of all women in the study said they had never orgasmed at any period in their lives) and males (1500 orgasms on average before marriage; all males in the study reported having had an orgasm before marrying).<a href="#cite_note-Kinsey_1953-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Passmore-13">[13]</a> By 1990, authors were referring to Kinsey et al.'s observed gender disparity in sexual experiences as the "orgasm gap", citing the premarital orgasm rates per gender as an example.<a href="#cite_note-Eysenck-14">[14]</a> Meanwhile, Masters & Johnson (1966) suggested that lesbian women had more orgasms than heterosexual women.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

A 1994 study by Laumann et al. of sexual practices in the United States found that 75% of men and 29% of women always had orgasms with their spouse, while 40% of men and 80% of women thought their spouse always orgasmed during sex.<a href="#cite_note-Laumann-16">[16]</a> These rates were different in non-marital straight relationships (cohabitational, long-term and short-term heterosexual relationships), with rates increasing to 81% for men and 43% for women orgasming during sex with their short-term partners, and 69% for men and 83% for women thinking their short-term partners always orgasmed.<a href="#cite_note-Laumann-16">[16]</a> U.S. feminist writers <a href="Marcelle_Karp" title="Marcelle Karp">Marcelle Karp</a> and <a href="Debbie_Stoller" title="Debbie Stoller">Debbie Stoller</a> (1999) loosely referred to the 75/29 statistic as evidence that the orgasm gap existed, and to argue that more efforts were needed to sexually emancipate women, because 'there are a whole lot of women who most certainly aren't having fun yet'.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

Studies indicate an oversimplification in the understanding of the orgasm gap in past research. Firstly, focusing on the orgasm quantity neglects further relevant dimensions of the phenomenon such as orgasm duration and quality.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Secondly, the cornerstone of the gap itself, the so far applied binary gender differentiation pattern, is outdated as is known.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributing_factors">Contributing factors</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_behaviour_and_reaching_orgasm">Sexual behaviour and reaching orgasm</h3></div>

Data of sexual behaviour research indicates very few women (less than 30%)<a href="#cite_note-Passmore-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-25">[25]</a> reach orgasm during mixed-sex sexual activity, whereas men (over 90%)<a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> usually do. During partnered sexual encounters, rates of orgasm for men do not vary depending on one's <a href="Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>; though, <a href="Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbians</a> or <a href="Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">women who have sex with women</a> report significantly higher rates of orgasm (up to 83%)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> than those who have sex with men. This variance among women is influenced by the prioritization of clitoral stimulation during women-only sexual encounters.<a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> It has been determined that for women, clitoral stimulation is the most reliable method of reaching orgasm,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> with nearly all women requiring some form of clitoral stimulation in order to achieve orgasm.<a href="#cite_note-:13-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-10">[10]</a> Conversely, PIV (penis-in-vagina) intercourse does not reliably result in orgasm for women.<a href="#cite_note-:13-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Studies have found that women report <a href="Fake_orgasm" title="Fake orgasm">pretending ("faking") to orgasm</a> during PIV intercourse more than during any other sexual practice.<a href="#cite_note-Muehlenhard-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-39">[39]</a>

Feminist researchers credit the "phallocentricity"<a href="#cite_note-:4-40">[40]</a> of mixed-sex partnering as being a main contributor to the orgasm gap; multiple studies of sexual behaviour and attitudes have concluded that mixed-sex partners prioritize PIV penetration and men's satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-:13-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In turn, this contributes to the faking orgasm behaviour being more prevalent in women than in men: as there appears to be 'a <a href="Sexual_script_theory" title="Sexual script theory">sexual script</a> in which women should orgasm before men, and men are responsible for women's orgasms', a woman may feel pressured to fake an orgasm before her male partner orgasms in order to please her male partner and avoid hurting his feelings.<a href="#cite_note-Muehlenhard-37">[37]</a>

Studies of <a href="Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a> college <a href="Hook-up_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook-up culture">hook-up culture</a> found "both men and women reported that men are typically not concerned with women's pleasure in hookups, but both reported that men are very attentive to women's pleasure in relationships".<a href="#cite_note-:11-41">[41]</a> Results show that women were less likely to reach orgasm during casual sex rather than relationship sex; this difference was attributed to an overall increased presence of focused clitoral stimulation and men's willingness to perform <a href="Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">cunnilingus</a> during relationship sex.<a href="#cite_note-:18-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-41">[41]</a> However, one study found that cunnilingus was not significantly more likely to occur in relationships than in hookups.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

Research has also found that gender differences in sexual entitlement might be a factor. A 2021 study found that people generally believed men were more entitled to an orgasm than women during a hook-up.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_sexism">Scientific sexism</h3></div>

In a 2006 study, the philosopher of science <a href="Elisabeth_Lloyd" title="Elisabeth Lloyd">Elisabeth Lloyd</a> reviewed the most prominent studies of female sexuality and argues that the female orgasm has been impacted by the questionable scientific integrity of each of these studies as they are consistently predicated on <a href="Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">androcentric</a> assumptions about the female body.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Feminist scholar Angela Towne (2019) posits that the "historically androcentric focus on the vaginal canal as the main female sex organ, has helped create a gender-based orgasm gap during partnered sex".<a href="#cite_note-:21-10">[10]</a>

Scholars have highlighted that within dictionaries,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> anatomy texts,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> sex education texts,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and <a href="Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">gynaecology</a> texts,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> the vagina is most often cited as being the primary female <a href="Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">erogenous zone</a>, whereas the clitoris has been omitted or only briefly described.<a href="#cite_note-:72-24">[24]</a> In a 2005 meta-analysis of anatomy literature intended for medical professionals, O'Connell et al. determined that "the typical anatomical textbook description lacks detail, describes male anatomy fully and only gives the differences between male and female anatomy rather than a full description of female anatomy".<a href="#cite_note-:20-55">[55]</a> O'Connell et al. remark that "the anatomy of the clitoris has not been stable with time, as would be expected. To a major extent its study has been dominated by social factors. The clitoris is a structure about which few diagrams and minimal description are provided… Specific study of anatomical textbooks across the 20th century revealed that details from genital diagrams presented early in the century were subsequently omitted from later texts. These examples, particularly with the backdrop of the clitoris being discovered and rediscovered, indicate that the evolution of female anatomy across the 20th century occurred as a result of active deletion rather than simple omission in the interests of brevity".<a href="#cite_note-:20-55">[55]</a> <a href="Gabriele_Falloppio" title="Gabriele Falloppio">Gabriele Falloppio</a> described the clitoris in 1561, highlighting the fact that "modern anatomists have entirely neglected it", yet his findings were consistently dismissed by his colleagues; <a href="Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> stated it was a "new and useless part" that had no function in "healthy women".<a href="#cite_note-:20-55">[55]</a> Later anatomists, including <a href="Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a> in the 17th century, also provided a full description of the clitoris, though their work was also either ignored or suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-:20-55">[55]</a> Not until 1998 was mainstream science willing to acknowledge the importance of the clitoris due to O'Connell et al.'s breakthrough work revealing the true extent of the clitoris' size and complexity through MRI technology.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialization">Socialization</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assertiveness_and_communication">Assertiveness and communication</h4></div>

In general, women have been associated with having a decreased degree of sexual assertiveness in comparison to men and this is often found to be at the detriment of women's own sexual satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-:18-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> It has been proposed that for women, masturbation is an effective means to discover one's own preferences in order to be able to communicate the same to sexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Communication in which one is able to articulate their sexual needs or interests, along with having a partner receptive to the same, are both instrumental aspects of satisfying sexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> There is a tendency for open sexual communication to be low or lacking between couples who experience difficulty with reaching orgasm.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a> Women who have difficulty reaching orgasm, report that they may hide this from their partner by incorrectly communicating their sexual satisfaction, and that this is most commonly completed through the performance of a fake orgasm.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-39">[39]</a> Furthermore, it has been noted that "women view their own orgasm as important for their partners (i.e., to communicate their enjoyment of a sexual experience) more so than for their own pleasure"<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and that the existing pressure to produce an orgasm for male partners during sexual activity is a barrier for them to actually orgasm.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sex_education">Sex education</h4></div>

The aspect of pleasure is generally overlooked within sex education that is presented to youth; instead, the vast majority of content is primarily concerned with reproductive health, centering on preventative measures for unwanted pregnancy and <a href="Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-72">[72]</a> Physiological processes of pleasure (such as arousal, orgasm, or <a href="Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>) are typically only referenced in a reproductive context, rather than for the sole purpose of pleasure; the main reason being for this is that these components of pleasure are deemed necessary of male bodies in order to conceive.<a href="#cite_note-:15-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-75">[75]</a> Alternatively, areas of the body conducive to female pleasure- the clitoris, <a href="Perineal_sponge" title="Perineal sponge">perineal</a> or urethral sponges- are not linked to conception and therefore have been largely disregarded from sex education curricula and instead, only female internal organs are taught in the classroom setting.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Scholars claim that "the lack of a cohesive understanding of pleasure makes pursuing implementation of pleasure overwhelming and inaccessible for educators and may account for why academic research on pleasure has failed to make its way into the practical world of sex education classrooms".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-72">[72]</a> Sexual self-exploration is also a commonly unaddressed topic within the classroom setting, yet "past research indicates that including masturbation in sexuality education can improve attitudes toward masturbation and debunk myths or false beliefs".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> One study of university students' sexual knowledge found that more than 60% of students held the false belief that the clitoris is located within the vaginal canal.<a href="#cite_note-:72-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Media_and_pornography">Media and pornography</h4></div>

<a href="Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexual</a> activity depicted in mainstream media and <a href="Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> is predominantly centred on male pleasure and often includes sexual myths which may influence the construction of one's understanding of what constitutes normal/typical sexual behaviour. The female orgasm as portrayed by media and pornography regularly promotes a false image in which women orgasm from penetration alone. Researchers conclude that this idea may contribute to unrealistic expectations for what methods of sexual activity are necessary for women to orgasm in real life encounters.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a>

People tend to turn to pornography as a useful tool for masturbation and to search the topics about which they fantasize for themselves. These scenarios can perpetuate sexual curiosity and may turn pleasureful acts into motivation, possibly turning into addiction. <a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>

Porn can also be directly linked to emotional suppression and reduce one's ability to orgasm with a partner because it causes a disconnect between partners goals for their sex, connection, and ability to arouse each other without online stimulation. <a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>

The desire for female porn viewers to see what they want to see, including the female performers on screen having real orgasms instead of fake ones, was one of the main factors leading to the rise of <a href="Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">feminist pornography</a> in the 1980s and 1990s in North America and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Taormino-82">[82]</a>: 13–15 According to feminist pornographer <a href="Tristan_Taormino" title="Tristan Taormino">Tristan Taormino</a> (2013), 'in feminist porn, female desire, pleasure, and orgasm are prioritized and celebrated. When the sex on screen represents the experience of the performers (no one is "faking" anything), and that experience is set up to be positive and supportive, sex is presented as joyful, fun, safe, mutual, and satisfying.'<a href="#cite_note-Taormino-82">[82]</a>: 297

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solutions">Solutions</h2></div>

There is an increasing body of research and technology innovations seeking out to diminish the heterosexual orgasm gap. One study in 2021<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> aimed to create terminology around clitoral stimulation techniques already used by women in order to give sexual partners better awareness and vocabulary with which to communicate during intercourse.

The study, which was funded by the intimate health company behind sex education website OMGYes<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> which works with sex researchers and was published in <a href="PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>, used data from over 3,000 women in the US to learn what discoveries they had made to make sex more pleasurable. Interviews were then analysed and the names of the four most mentioned techniques were coined: angling, rocking, shallowing and pairing.

Angling, which involves the rotating or raising of the pelvis during penetration for adjustment was used by 87.5% of women. Around 76% used rocking, where the base of a penis or sex toy rubs against the clitoris consistently throughout penetration as opposed to thrusting in and out. Shallowing was used by 84% of women, where penetrative touch is experienced with tools, fingers, penises or lips just inside the entrance of the vagina and 69.7% used pairing, where a woman or her partner reaches down to stimulate the clitoris while penetration is occurring at the same time.

Dr. Devon Hensel, one of the study's co-authors, told the BBC<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> that “sex research as a field has been around for well over 100 years and it was really incomprehensible to us as researchers that there were not names for these things. And when something is unnamed, it almost becomes unspeakable."

<ul><li><a href="Sexual_script_theory" title="Sexual script theory">Sexual script theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Vanilla sex</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFrederickJohnGarciaLloyd2018" class="citation journal cs1">Frederick, David A.; John, H. Kate St.; Garcia, Justin R.; Lloyd, Elisabeth A. (1 January 2018). "Differences in Orgasm Frequency Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Men and Women in a U.S. National Sample". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (1): 273–288. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-017-0939-z">10.1007/s10508-017-0939-z</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2800">1573-2800</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28213723">28213723</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19758302">19758302</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRowland2020" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Katherine (4 February 2020). The pleasure gap : American women and the unfinished sexual revolution. Basic Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781580058360</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1101505802">1101505802</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChalabi2015" class="citation web cs1">Chalabi, Mona (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-gender-orgasm-gap/">"The Gender Orgasm Gap"</a>. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 7 November 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKaestleAllen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kaestle, Christine E.; Allen, Katherine R. (2011). "The Role of Masturbation in Healthy Sexual Development: Perceptions of Young Adults". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 40 (5): 983–994. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-010-9722-0">10.1007/s10508-010-9722-0</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002">0004-0002</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21293916">21293916</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23353776">23353776</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOrenstein2016" class="citation news cs1">Orenstein, Peggy (19 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/20/opinion/sunday/when-did-porn-become-sex-ed.html">"Opinion | When Did Porn Become Sex Ed?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBőtheTóth-KirályBellaPotenza2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bőthe, Beáta; Tóth-Király, István; Bella, Nóra; Potenza, Marc N.; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Orosz, Gábor (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/adb0000603">"Why do people watch pornography? The motivational basis of pornography use"</a>. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 35 (2): 172–186. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fadb0000603">10.1037/adb0000603</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1501">1939-1501</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHenselHippelLapagePerkins2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hensel, Devon J.; Hippel, Christiana D. von; Lapage, Charles C.; Perkins, Robert H. (14 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8046227">"Women's techniques for making vaginal penetration more pleasurable: Results from a nationally representative study of adult women in the United States"</a>. PLOS ONE. 16 (4): e0249242. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1649242H">2021PLoSO..1649242H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0249242">10.1371/journal.pone.0249242</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8046227">8046227</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33852604">33852604</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fgsake.org/">"For Goodness Sake"</a>. For Goodness Sake. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5tGsLjPdkrdmSlMp8d2txJw/four-ways-women-can-bridge-the-orgasm-gap">"BBC Radio 4 - Woman's Hour - Four ways women can bridge 'the orgasm gap'"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite>

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</ol></div>

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</style><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and <a href="Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li>

<li><a href="Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li>

<li><a href="Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li>

<li><a href="Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li>

<li><a href="Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li>

<li><a href="Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a>

<ul><li><a href="Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li>

<li><a href="Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li>

<li><a href="Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li>

<li><a href="Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li>

<li><a href="Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li>

<li><a href="Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li>

<li><a href="Coital_imperative" title="Coital imperative">Coital imperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li>

<li><a href="Orgasm_imperative" title="Orgasm imperative">Orgasm imperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li>

<li><a href="Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li>

<li><a href="Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li>

<li><a href="Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li>

<li><a href="Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li>

<li><a href="Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li>

<li><a href="Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li>

<li><a href="Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li>

<li><a href="Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li>

<li><a href="Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_orgasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li>

<li><a href="Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li>

<li><a href="Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li>

<li><a href="Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li>

<li><a href="Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li>

<li><a href="Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li>

<li><a href="Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li>

<li><a href="Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li>

<li><a href="Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li>

<li><a href="Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li>

<li><a href="Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li>

<li><a href="Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li>

<li><a href="Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li>

<li><a href="Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li>

<li><a href="Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_sexual_orientation" title="Christianity and sexual orientation">Christianity and sexual orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a>

<ul><li><a href="LGBTQ-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBTQ-affirming religious groups">LGBTQ-affirming religions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FBAED2;"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AHuman_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Orgasm_gap&oldid=1301563535">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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